References
The studies and datasets behind the reference data on this site.
Avram et al. (Health eHeart) 2019
n = 66.8K Observational cohort study (mobile health)
Blomkvist et al. 2017
n = 354 Cross-sectional community study
Used for Reaction Time
Bohannon & Williams Andrews (2011) 2011
n = 23.1K Descriptive meta-analysis of comfortable-pace walking speed
Used for Walking Speed
CCS Cooper Standards 2017
Law-enforcement scoring document
Used for 1.5-Mile Run (Cooper)
Cooper Institute (2013 Monograph) 2013
Normative reference (institutional booklet)
Used for 300m Run (Cooper)Bench Press Ratio (Cooper DVR)Push-Ups (1-Min, Cooper)Sit-Ups (1-Min, Cooper)Vertical Jump (Cooper)
Fryar et al. (NHANES 2021-2023) 2025
Cross-sectional nationally representative health survey, published reference tables (weighted percentile estimates)
Used for Mid-Upper Arm CircumferenceWaist Circumference
Fryar et al. (NHANES) 2025
n = 5.9K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Body Mass Index (BMI)
Gellish et al. 2007
n = 132 Longitudinal cohort study
Gill 2020 2020
n = 2.4K Cross-sectional observational study
Used for Shoulder Abduction ROMShoulder External Rotation ROMShoulder Flexion ROM
Graham et al. (ATS/ERS 2019) 2019
Official technical standard (ATS/ERS joint statement)
Used for FEV1/FVC Ratio (Tiffeneau Index)FEV1 (Lung Function)FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)
Gulati et al. 2010
n = 5.4K Prospective cohort study
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Sit-and-Reach
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Jumping Power
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Vertical Jump
iGRIPS 2025
n = 2.4M Systematic review and meta-analysis
Used for Grip Strength
Kelly et al. (NHANES DXA) 2009
n = 15.3K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Body Fat Percentage
Kelly et al. 2009 (NHANES DXA) 2009
n = 15.3K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Appendicular Lean Mass Index (ALMI)Lean Mass Index (LMI)
Kolimechkov et al. 2019 (ALPHA-FIT) 2019
Interpolated normative reference study
Used for 4×10m Shuttle Run
Lee et al. 2020 (UK Biobank SMMI) 2020
n = 390.6K Cross-sectional population study
Used for Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMMI)
London Marathon Open Data 2024
n = 170.7K Open race-results dataset (CC-BY-4.0)
Used for Marathon Finish Time
Mayhew et al. (CLSA) 2023
n = 25K Population-based cross-sectional (CLSA baseline 2011-2015)
Used for Single-Leg Balance
McBride 2026 (WBLT) 2026
n = 899 Cross-sectional, multi-country observational study
Used for Ankle Dorsiflexion (WBLT)
McDonough et al. 2026 / NNYFS muscular fitness 2026
n = 1.2K Peer-reviewed secondary analysis of a cross-sectional, nationally representative complex survey; FitnessNorms age-by-sex percentile derivation from public microdata
Used for Plank Hold
NHANES (CDC), derived BRI percentiles 2026
n = 5.7K Cross-sectional population survey; percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Body Roundness Index (BRI)
NHANES (CDC), derived Conicity Index percentiles 2026
n = 18.7K Cross-sectional population survey; percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Conicity Index
NHANES (CDC), derived relative grip strength percentiles 2026
n = 9.9K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Relative Grip Strength
NHANES (CDC), derived WHR percentiles 2026
n = 5.7K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Waist-to-Hip Ratio
NHANES (CDC), derived WHtR percentiles 2026
n = 5.7K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Waist-to-Height Ratio
NHANES 1999-2006 calf circumference 2026
n = 17.8K Cross-sectional nationally representative health survey; percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata and compared with Gonzalez et al. (2021)
Used for Calf Circumference
OpenPowerlifting (CC0) 2026
n = 689K Open competition results database (CC0 / public domain)
Used for Upper/Lower Strength Ratio
Ostchega et al. (NHANES resting pulse) 2011
n = 35.3K Cross-sectional national reference survey (NHANES 1999-2008)
Used for Resting Heart Rate
Payne et al. (CSEP-PATH) 2000
n = 571 Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Push-Ups
Quanjer et al. (GLI-2012) 2012
n = 74.2K Multi-centre cross-sectional reference study
Used for FEV1/FVC Ratio (Tiffeneau Index)FEV1 (Lung Function)FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)
Ramirez-Velez et al. (Colombian WHtR) 2016
n = 83.2K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
RCTC LAWE Cooper Fitness Test 2018
Academy scoring document
Rikli & Jones (SFT) 1999
n = 7.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for 6-Minute Walk Test8-Foot Up-and-GoArm CurlBack Scratch TestChair Sit-and-Reach30-Second Chair Stand2-Minute Step Test
Santos et al. 2014 (FitnessGram) 2014
n = 22K Cross-sectional, nationally representative school-based study with LMS smoothing
Used for PACER (Beep Test)Back-Saver Sit-and-ReachCurl-Up (FitnessGram)Push-Ups
SHARE (5xSTS) 2025
n = 45.5K Cross-sectional analysis of a weighted multinational survey
Used for Five-Times Sit-to-Stand
Svinoy et al. (2021) 2021
n = 5.4K Population-based cross-sectional study
Used for Timed Up and Go
Tanaka et al. 2001
n = 18.7K Meta-analysis and cross-sectional study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Tomkinson 2018 (Eurofit) 2018
Pooled multi-country analysis with population weighting, Monte Carlo pseudodata, and LMS smoothing
Used for 10×5m Shuttle RunSit-and-ReachFlamingo BalancePlate TappingBent-Arm HangSit-Ups (30s)Grip Strength
Tomkinson et al. (FitBack) 2023
n = 1.3M Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Standing Broad Jump
Tomkinson et al. (International 20mSRT) 2017
n = 1.1M Cross-sectional normative study (systematic review and meta-analysis)
Used for PACER (Beep Test)
Updated FRIEND CPET standards 2022
n = 22.4K Retrospective multi-centre registry reference study
Used for VO2 Max
van den Hoek et al. 2024 (Powerlifting) 2024
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of competition records
Used for Bench Press (1RM)Deadlift (1RM)Squat (1RM)
Wright et al. (NHANES 2001-2008) 2011
n = 19.9K Cross-sectional survey (NHANES)
Used for Diastolic Blood PressureSystolic Blood Pressure