References
The studies and datasets behind the reference data on this site.
Avram et al. (Health eHeart) 2019
n = 66.8K Observational cohort study (mobile health)
Used for Resting Heart Rate
Blomkvist et al. 2017
n = 354 Cross-sectional community study
Used for Reaction Time
Bohannon & Williams Andrews (2011) 2011
n = 23.1K Descriptive meta-analysis of comfortable-pace walking speed
Used for Walking Speed
Cooper Institute (Law Enforcement) 2007
Normative reference (institutional booklet)
Used for 1.5-Mile Run (Cooper)300m Run (Cooper)Push-Ups (1-Min, Cooper)Sit-Ups (1-Min, Cooper)Vertical Jump (Cooper)
FRIEND Registry 2022
n = 7.8K Multi-centre registry
Used for VO2 Max
Fryar et al. (NHANES) 2025
n = 5.9K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Body Mass Index (BMI)
Gellish et al. 2007
n = 908 Longitudinal cohort study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Gill 2020 2020
n = 2.4K Cross-sectional observational study
Used for Shoulder Abduction ROMShoulder External Rotation ROMShoulder Flexion ROM
Gulati et al. 2010
n = 5.4K Prospective cohort study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Sit-and-Reach
Hoffmann et al. (CHMS) 2019
n = 5.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Vertical Jump
iGRIPS 2025
n = 2.4M Systematic review and meta-analysis
Used for Grip Strength
Kelly et al. (NHANES DXA) 2009
n = 32K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Body Fat Percentage
Kelly et al. 2009 (NHANES DXA) 2009
n = 15.3K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Used for Appendicular Lean Mass Index (ALMI)Lean Mass Index (LMI)
Lee et al. 2020 (UK Biobank SMMI) 2020
n = 390.6K Cross-sectional population study
Used for Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMMI)
Mayhew et al. (CLSA) 2023
n = 25K Population-based cross-sectional (CLSA baseline 2011-2015)
Used for Single-Leg Balance
NHANES (CDC) — derived WHtR percentiles 2026
n = 18.7K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative); percentiles derived by FitnessNorms from CDC public microdata
Used for Waist-to-Height Ratio
Payne et al. (CSEP-PATH) 2000
n = 571 Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Push-Ups
Ramirez-Velez et al. (Colombian WHtR) 2016
n = 83.2K Cross-sectional population survey (nationally representative)
Rikli & Jones (SFT) 1999
n = 7.2K Cross-sectional normative study
Used for 6-Minute Walk Test8-Foot Up-and-GoArm CurlBack Scratch TestChair Sit-and-Reach30-Second Chair Stand2-Minute Step Test
Tanaka et al. 2001
n = 18.7K Meta-analysis and cross-sectional study
Used for Max Heart Rate
Tomkinson 2018 (Eurofit) 2018
Multi-country meta-analysis with LMS smoothing
Used for Sit-and-ReachGrip Strength
Tomkinson et al. (FitBack) 2023
n = 1.3M Cross-sectional normative study
Used for Standing Broad Jump
Tomkinson et al. (International 20mSRT) 2017
n = 1.1M Cross-sectional normative study (systematic review and meta-analysis)
Used for PACER (Beep Test)
van den Hoek et al. 2024 (Powerlifting) 2024
Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of competition records
Used for Bench Press (1RM)Deadlift (1RM)Squat (1RM)
Wright et al. (NHANES 2001-2008) 2011
n = 19.9K Cross-sectional survey (NHANES)
Used for Diastolic Blood PressureSystolic Blood Pressure